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Numerous other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses using Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directory sites of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE needs those who want to end up being Hubbard management seeks advice from to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to assist in the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or reputable people. Scientology. Though it has actually achieved some credibility as a religion in lots of countries, Scientology has also been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Level playing field people it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as identified in an internet survey run by the presidential shift group getting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head office positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later relabelled the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later organized and committed one of the biggest penetration of United States federal companies ever perpetrated by an organization not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution see this described their actions as such: The criminal activity devoted by these offenders is of a breadth and scope previously unprecedented. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No individual or organization was complimentary from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past used aggressive techniques in dealing with those it sees as trying to suppress them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) first described by Hubbard as part click resources of a policy called level playing field. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper known to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb hazards in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.